Romans at War: The Roman Military in the Republic and Empire

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Battle of Ravenna – Bonifacius defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aetius, but is mortally wounded in the process.

First Battle of Capua – Hannibal defeats the consuls Q. Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius, but the Roman army escapes Battle of Arles - Visigothic king Euric defeated the Roman general Anthemiolus, captured Arles and much of southern Gaul Fraser, James. The Roman Conquest Of Scotland: The Battle Of Mons Graupius AD 84, Tempus Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-7524-3325-3It wasn’t until Emperor Claudius invaded for a third time nearly a hundred years later in 43 AD that the Romans finally conquered Britain. Battles continued for several years afterwards but eventually the Romans gained control and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. Statue in London of Boudica, queen of the Iceni tribe, who famously fought against the Roman invaders. In 115 AD, revolt broke out again in the province, leading to the second Jewish-Roman war known as the Kitos War, and again in 132 AD in what is known as Bar Kokhba's revolt. Both were brutally crushed.

The Second Mithridatic War began when Rome tried to annex Bithynia as a province. In the Third Mithridatic War, first Lucius Licinius Lucullus and then Pompey the Great were sent against Mithridates. [195] Mithridates was finally defeated by Pompey in the night-time Battle of the Lycus. [196] After defeating Mithridates, Pompey invaded Caucacus, subjugated the Kingdom of Iberia and established Roman control over Colchis.

Polybius: The Rise of the Roman Empire at LacusCurtius (print: Harvard University Press, 1927. (Translation by W. R. Paton), unknown ISBN As before, once opposition to the triumvirate was crushed, it started to tear at itself. The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC and was not renewed in law and in 31 BC, war began again. At the Battle of Actium, [243] Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Greece, using fire to destroy the enemy fleet. [244] Macedon began to encroach on territory claimed by several other Greek city states in 200 BC and these pleaded for help from their newfound ally Rome. [143] Rome gave Philip an ultimatum that he must submit Macedonia to being essentially a Roman province. Philip, unsurprisingly, refused and, after initial internal reluctance for further hostilities, [144] Rome declared war against Philip in the Second Macedonian War. [143] In the Battle of the Aous Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeated the Macedonians, [145] and in a second larger battle under the same opposing commanders in 197 BC, in the Battle of Cynoscephalae, [146] Flamininus again beat the Macedonians decisively. [145] [147] Macedonia was forced to sign the Treaty of Tempea, in which it lost all claim to territory in Greece and Asia, and had to pay a war indemnity to Rome. [148] In 144 BC, Viriathus formed a league against Rome with several Celtiberian tribes [133] and persuaded them to rise against Rome too, in the Second Numantine War. [134] Viriathus' new coalition bested Roman armies at the Second Battle of Mount Venus in 144 BC and again at the failed Siege of Erisone. [134] In 139 BC, Viriathus was finally killed in his sleep by three of his companions who had been promised gifts by Rome. [135] In 136 and 135 BC, more attempts were made to gain complete control of the region of Numantia, but they failed. In 134 BC, the Consul Scipio Aemilianus finally succeeded in suppressing the rebellion following the successful Siege of Numantia. [136]

BC Siege of Ma'rib - After Romans easily defeated the Arab army of 10,000 soldiers, conquered a few towns (including Mecca and Medina) and took on supplies from Nejran, Aelius Gallus besieged Ma'rib unsuccessfully for a week, before being forced to withdraw and unnable to secure Incense trade route in land (the Nabateans, apparent allies, wanted the Romans to fail otherwise they would loose their monopoly over the spice trade). Rome is unable to conquest Sabaean kingdom of Ancient Yemen or coercing the incense states ( Himyarite Arab kingdoms) of the Arabian Peninsula to become Roman client states. Battle somewhere in Thrace: a band of Goths led Alaric I is defeated by Romans under Stilicho [15] [16] Battle of the Axona (Aisne) – Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of Suessiones.

War of Actium (32-30 BC) In which Octavian wins Mark Antony and Cleopatra conquering the Greek Kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt. It conquered a huge empire that stretched from Britain all the way to the Middle East. The soldiers were the best trained, they had the best weapons and the best armour. Siege of Massilia – Visigoths under Ataulf were defeated by Romans under Bonifacius while trying to besiege the Roman city. They made peace with Rome soon after.